Orientações odontológicas aos pacientes submetidos à quimioterapia antineoplásica / Dental guidelines for patients undergoing antineoplastic chemotherapy

Objetivo: este trabalho propõe condutas bucais aos pacientes com indicação quimioterápica, a partir de uma revisão de literatura, visto que o paciente é pouco orientado em muitos casos. Material e métodos: a busca foi realizada a partir da base de dados PubMed/Medline. Apenas estudos observacionais e revisões da literatura, em inglês, espanhol e português, publicados entre 2001 e 2019, que abordassem o tratamento antineoplásico e apresentassem complicações bucais foram incluídos. Resultados: dez artigos preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Notou-se que a maioria dos efeitos adversos cessam ao fim da quimioterapia. As principais alterações bucais observadas foram mucosite, xerostomia e candidose. Diversas alternativas terapêuticas se mostraram eficazes, sendo fundamental individualizar o paciente e propor a melhor opção para o quadro específico apresentado. Considerações finais: A participação do cirurgião-dentista na equipe oncológica é extremamente importante, realizando intervenções odontológicas e orientando os pacientes, colaborando para uma melhor qualidade de vida e contribuindo significativamente no prognóstico da doença.(AU)

Objective: This study suggests oral management for chemotherapy patients, through a literature review, considering that patients are poorly instructed in most cases. Material and methods: The search was performed in the PubMed / Medline database. Only observational studies and literature reviews in English, Spanish, and Portuguese, published between 2001 and 2019, which discussed antineoplastic treatment and presented oral complications were included. Results: Ten articles met the inclusion criteria. Most adverse effects were observed to cease at the end of chemotherapy. The main oral changes observed were mucositis, xerostomia, and candidosis. Several therapeutic alternatives seem to be effective, and it is essential to individualize the patient and propose the best option for the specific condition. Final considerations: The participation of dentists in the cancer team is extremely important for performing dental interventions, guiding patients, helping to provide a better quality of life, and contributing significantly to the prognosis of the disease.(AU)

Amifostine reduces inflammation and protects against 5-fluorouracil-induced oral mucositis and hyposalivation

Oral mucositis (OM) is a common and dose-limiting side effect of cancer treatment, including 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and radiotherapy. The efficacy of the therapeutic measures to prevent OM is limited and disease prevention is not fully observable. Amifostine is a cytoprotective agent with a described anti-inflammatory potential. It is clinically used to reduce radiotherapy and chemotherapy-associated xerostomia. This study investigated the protective effect of amifostine on an experimental model of OM. Hamsters were divided into six groups: saline control group (5 mL/kg), mechanical trauma (scratches) of the right cheek pouch; 5-FU (60 and 40 mg/kg, ip, respectively, administered on days 1 and 2); amifostine (12.5, 25, or 50 mg/kg) + 5-FU + scratches. Salivation rate was assessed and the animals were euthanized on day 10 for the analysis of macroscopic and microscopic injury by scores. Tissue samples were harvested for the measurement of neutrophil infiltration and detection of inflammatory markers by ELISA and immunohistochemistry. 5-FU induced pronounced hyposalivation, which was prevented by amifostine (P<0.05). In addition, 5-FU injection caused pronounced tissue injury accompanied by increased neutrophil accumulation, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) tissue levels, and positive immunostaining for TNF-α, IL-1β, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Interestingly, amifostine prevented the inflammatory reaction and consequently improved macroscopic and microscopic damage (P<0.05 vs 5-FU group). Amifostine reduced inflammation and protected against 5-FU-associated oral mucositis and hyposalivation.

Reações adversas a medicamentos na cavidade bucal de idosos / Adverse reactions caused by drugs in the oral cavity of the elderly / Reacciones adversas a medicamentos en la cavidad bucal de ancianos

Os indivíduos com idade avançada consomem maior número de medicações e, como consequência, surgem reações adversas frequentes a essas drogas, inclusive na cavidade bucal. O objetivo é verificar as reações adversas na cavidade oral relacionadas aos medicamentos, a fim de que sejam diagnosticadas corretamente e se executem ações que as reduzam ou eliminem. Como metodologia, nesta revisão, foram buscados artigos originais relatando estas reações em idosos, em inglês, português e espanhol, publicados de 2000 a 2018, usando-se termos relevantes ao tema, publicados on-line nas bases de dados dos periódicos da CAPES. Os artigos foram selecionados após leitura dos seus títulos e resumos efetuando-se, a seguir, leitura completa dos mesmos. Os Resultados mostram que, entre os 12 artigos selecionados, tivemos: 6 (50%) sobre xerostomia; 2 (17%) com ulcerações orais consequentes ao nicorandil; 2 (17%) com osteonecrose da mandíbula (bifosfonato e bevacizumab, um em cada); e 1 (8,3%) com ageusia (associada a romidepsin); e 1 (8,3%) com candidíase (associada a corticoide inalatório). Concluiu-se que o idoso requer atenção redobrada durante as consultas médicas e procedimentos odontológicos, em razão da associação de diferentes doenças crônicas e o uso contínuo de diversas medicações. Há necessidade de maior número de publicações focando este tema neste grupo etário, principalmente naqueles indivíduos mais longevos.

Introduction: The individuals with advanced age are the ones who consume the greatest number of medications and, as consequence, adverse reactions to these drugs often occur, including in the oral cavity. Objective: These drug-related manifestations deserve attention of health professionals so that they are properly diagnosed and actions are taken to reduce or eliminate them. Material and methods: In this article, we reviewed original articles, published from 2000 to 2018, reporting these reactions in elderly patients. Articles in English, Portuguese and Spanish were searched, using terms relevant to the topic, published online in the CAPES journals databases. The articles were selected after reading their titles and summaries and, then, the complete articles. Results: Among the 12 articles showing adverse drug reactions in the oral cavity of the elderly, we had: 6 (50%) with xerostomia and its consequences; 2 (17%) with oral ulcerations consequent to the use of nicorandil; 2 (17%) with osteonecrosis of the mandible (bisphosphonate and bevacizumab, one in each); and 1 (8.3%) with ageusia (associated with romidepsin) and 1 (8.3%) with oral candidiasis (associated with inhaled corticosteroids). Conclusion: The elderly require increased attention during medical consultations and dental procedures, due to the association of different chronic diseases and the continuous use of several medications. There is a need for a greater number of publications focusing on this theme in this age group, especially in those longevous senior individuals.

Los individuos con edad avanzada consumen mayor número de medicamentos y, como consecuencia, surgen reacciones adversas frecuentes a estos fármacos, incluso en la cavidad bucal. El objetivo es verificar las reacciones adversas en la cavidad oral relacionadas con los medicamentos, a fin de que sean diagnosticadas correctamente y se ejecuten acciones que las reduzcan o eliminen. La metodología de esta revisión se buscaron artículos originales que informaron estas reacciones en las personas mayores, en inglés, portugués y español, publicados desde 2000 hasta 2018, si el uso de términos relacionados con el tema, publicados en línea en las bases de datos CAPES periódicas. Los artículos fueron seleccionados después de leer sus títulos y resúmenes efectuando, a continuación, lectura completa de los mismos. Los resultados muestran que, entre los 12 artículos seleccionados, tuvimos: 6 (50%) sobre xerostomía; 2 (17%) con ulceraciones orales consecuentes al nicorandil; 2 (17%) con osteonecrosis de la mandíbula (bifosfonato y bevacizumab, uno en cada uno); y 1 (8,3%) con ageusia (asociada a romidepsin); y 1 (8,3%) con candidiasis (asociada a corticoides inhalados). Se concluyó que el anciano requiere atención redoblada durante las consultas médicas y procedimientos odontológicos, en razón de la asociación de diferentes enfermedades crónicas y el uso continuo de diversas medicaciones. Hay necesidad de mayor número de publicaciones enfocando este tema en este grupo de edad, principalmente en aquellos individuos más longevos.

Salivary stimulation by prolonged release of pilocarpine in sjõgren’ syndrome

Introduction: Prolonged drug delivery in the oral cavity offers many advantages, such as reducing adverse effects. Pilocarpine is an FDA-approved parasympathomimetic drug for the treatment of glandular hypofunction; however, its adverse effects limit its use. Objective: To evaluate the stimulation of salivary flow by the use of pilocarpine-releasing films, as well as their effects on the symptoms of xerostomia and adverse effects in patients with Sjõgren’s syndrome (SS). Materials and methods: Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (Methocel K4MCR) films were prepared in 1 percent acetic acid and pilocarpine was added under magnetic stirring. The pH and thickness, as well as diffusion uniformity and kinetics of drug release per cm2 were evaluated by spectrophotometry. The films were tested sublingually in 40 patients with Sjõgren’s syndrome for a period of two weeks. Changes in their salivary flow were evaluated by analyzing samples of total saliva. Additionally, patients were screened for symptoms of xerostomia and adverse effects. Results: The films had a pH of 2.91 +/- 0.035, a thickness of 0.06866 +/- 0.00152μm, and a diffusion uniformity of 91 percent per cm2. Use of the films resulted in an increase in salivary flow in both primary and secondary Sjõgren’s syndrome, but this increase was only significant in primary SS. Conclusion: Films showed optimal physicochemical properties for their administration, and proved effective in stimulating salivary flow without causing adverse effects during their administration.

Association between crack cocaine use and reduced salivary flow

Abstract Crack cocaine use appears to have an impact on oral conditions. However, changes in the salivary flow among crack users have not been fully clarified. The aim of this study was to compare stimulated salivary flow and the occurrence of hyposalivation between crack users and non-users. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 40 crack users and 40 controls matched for sex, age, and smoking habits. Interviews were conducted to acquire data on the perception of dry mouth (xerostomia) and drug use. Stimulated salivary flow was determined using the spitting method. A significant reduction in stimulated salivary flow was found among crack users in comparison to non-users (1.02 vs. 1.59 ml/min). A total of 42.5% and 15% of crack users had very low and low stimulated salivary flow, respectively. Moreover, 65% of users reported xerostomia in comparison to 37.5% non-users (p < 0.012). No significant association was found between xerostomia and hyposalivation (p = 0.384). A multivariate analysis revealed that individuals older than 26 years of age, those with a low household income, and crack users (prevalence ratio: 2.59) had a significant association with the occurrence of hyposalivation. A significant association was found between the use of crack and reduced salivary flow. The use of crack was associated with the occurrence of hyposalivation in the multivariate analysis.

Drugs or disease: evaluating salivary function in RA patients

Abstract Oral complications of RA may include temporomandibular joint disorders, mucosa alterations and symptoms of dry mouth. The aim of this study was to evaluate the salivary gland function of subjects with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) comparing it to healthy controls. Subjects with other systemic conditions known to affect salivary functions were excluded. A questionnaire was applied for the evaluation of xerostomia. Resting and chewing-stimulated salivary flow rates (SFR) were obtained under standard conditions. There were 145 subjects included of the study (104 RA and 38 controls). About 66.7% of the RA subjects and 2.4% in control group presented xerostomia. The median resting SFR were 0.24 ml/min for RA subjects and 0.40 mL/min for controls (p = 0.04). The median stimulated SFR were 1.31 mL/min for RA subjects and 1.52 ml/min for controls (p = 0.33). No significant differences were found between resting and stimulated SFR of RA subjects not using xerogenic medications and controls. There was significantly higher number of subjects presenting hyposalivation in the RA group than among controls, even when subjects using xerogenic medications were eliminated from the analysis. In conclusion, hyposalivation and xerostomia were more frequent among RA subjects not using xerogenic medication than among controls, although there were no significant differences in the median SFR between groups.

Long-term results of oxybutynin use in treating facial hyperhidrosis

BACKGROUND: Facial hyperhidrosis can lead to serious emotional distress. Video-assisted thoracic sympathectomy resolves symptoms effectively, though it may be associated with compensatory hyperhidrosis, which may be more common in patients undergoing resection of the second thoracic ganglion. Oxybutynin has been used as a pharmacological approach to facial hyperhidrosis but the long-term results of this treatment are unclear. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of low oxybutynin doses in facial hyperhidrosis patients for at least six months. METHODS: 61 patients were monitored for over six months and assessed according to the following variables: impact of hyperhidrosis on quality of life (QOL) before treatment and after six weeks, evolution of facial hyperhidrosis after six weeks and at the last consultation, complaints of dry mouth after six weeks and on last return visit, and improvement at other hyperhidrosis sites. RESULTS: Patients were monitored for 6 to 61 months (median=17 months). Thirty-six (59%) were female. Age ranged from 17-74 (median:45). Pre-treatment QOL was poor/very poor in 96.72%. After six weeks, 100% of patients improved QOL. Comparing results after six weeks and on the last visit, 91.8% of patients maintained the same category of improvement in facial hyperhidrosis, 3.3% worsened and 4.9% improved. Dry mouth complaints were common but not consistent throughout treatment. More than 90% of patients presented moderate/great improvement at other hyperhidrosis sites. CONCLUSION: Patients who had a good initial response to treatment maintained a good response long-term, did not display tachiphylaxis and experienced improvement on other hyperhidrosis sites. .

Treatment of uncommon sites of focal primary hyperhidrosis: experience with pharmacological therapy using oxybutynin

OBJECTIVES: Primary hyperhidrosis usually affects the hands, armpits, feet and cranio-facial region. Sweating in other areas is common in secondary hyperhidrosis (after surgery or in specific clinical conditions). Oxybutynin has provided good results and is an alternative for treating hyperhidrosis at common sites. Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy of oxybutynin as a treatment for primary sweating at uncommon sites (e.g., the back and groin). METHODS: This retrospective study analyzed 20 patients (10 females) who received oxybutynin for primary focal hyperhidrosis at uncommon sites. The subjects were evaluated to determine quality of life before beginning oxybutynin and six weeks afterward and they were assigned grades (on a scale from 0 to 10) to measure their improvement at each site of excessive sweating after six weeks and at the last consult. RESULTS: The median follow-up time with oxybutynin was 385 days (133-1526 days). The most common sites were the back (n = 7) and groin (n = 5). After six weeks, the quality of life improved in 85% of the subjects. Dry mouth was very common and was reported by 16 patients, 12 of whom reported moderate/severe dry mouth. Five patients stopped treatment (two: unbearable dry mouth, two: excessive somnolence and one: palpitations). At the last visit, 80% of patients presented with moderate/great improvement at the main sites of sweating. CONCLUSION: After six weeks, more than 80% of the patients presented with improvements in their overall quality of life and at the most important site of sweating. Side effects were common (80% reported at least one side effect) and caused 25% of the patients to discontinue treatment. Oxybutynin is effective for treating bothersome hyperhidrosis, even at atypical locations and most patients cope well with the side effects. .

Oxybutynin treatment for hyperhidrosis: a comparative analysis between genders / Oxibutinina para tratamento de hiperidrose: análise comparativa entre gêneros

OBJECTIVE: To assess the results of palmar and axillary hyperhidrosis treatment in males and females using low doses of oxybutynin. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted in 395 women and 170 men followed up in our service with complaint of palmar and axillary hyperhidrosis. RESULTS: A total of 70% of patients in both groups presented partial or great improvement in the level of hyperhidrosis after treatment. The best results were obtained in the female group, in which 40% classified their improvement as "great". Approximately 70% of the patients in both groups improved their quality of life after medical therapy and 30% presented no change in condition. CONCLUSION: Gender is not a factor that significantly interferes in oxybutynin treatment results. Quality of life indices and clinical improvement level were similar in men and women.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os resultados do tratamento com baixas doses de oxibutinina em homens e mulheres com hiperidrose palmar e axilar. MÉTODOS: Análise retrospectiva de 395 mulheres e 170 homens acompanhados em nosso serviço com queixa de hiperidrose palmar e plantar, submetidos a um protocolo de 12 semanas de tratamento com oxibutinina. Melhora clínica da hiperidrose e da qualidade de vida foram estudadas por meio de um questionário específico, aplicado antes e após o tratamento. RESULTADOS: Dentre os pacientes em ambos os grupos, 70% apresentaram melhoria parcial ou grande no nível de hiperidrose após o tratamento. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos no grupo feminino, no qual 40% classificaram sua evolução como "ótima". Aproximadamente 70% dos pacientes em ambos os grupos melhoraram sua qualidade de vida após a terapia médica e 30% não apresentaram mudança da condição inicial. CONCLUSÃO: Gênero é um fator que não interfere significativamente nos resultados do tratamento com oxibutinina. Os índices de qualidade de vida e o grau de melhora clínica da hiperidrose foram semelhantes em homens e mulheres.

Effect of hyposalivation on mastication and mandibular movements during speech

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether patients with hyposalivation present damaged mastication or mandibular movements during speech. Forty subjects composed 2 groups: control and hyposalivation. Masticatory performance was assessed with a silicon-based artificial material and a 10-sieve method. Mandibular movements during speech were observed with a 3D jaw-tracking device. Data were analyzed with Student's t-test or the Mann-Whitney method (P < 0.05). The masticatory performance (mm) of control and hyposalivation were 4.40 ± 0.62 and 4.74 ± 1.34, respectively. Outcomes for speech movements (mm) were as follows: maximum vertical opening amplitude (10.8 ± 4.2; 9.9 ± 2.7) and displacements to the right (1.0 ± 0.8; 0.5 ± 0.6), left (1.8 ± 1.4; 2.3 ± 1.2), or anterior-posterior (2.8 ± 1.1; 2.9 ± 1.0) for control and hyposalivation, respectively. No statistical difference was found between groups for any variable. The results indicated that hyposalivation did not affect masticatory performance or mandibular movements during speech.

Complicações orais decorrentes da terapia antineoplásica / Oral complications of cancer therapy

É comum, em pacientes oncológicos submetidos à terapia antineoplásica, o desenvolvimento de complicações orais agudas ou tardias. Esses distúrbios na integridade e função da cavidade bucal se devem ao fato de que a radioterapia e quimioterapia não são capazes de destruir as células tumorais sem lesionar células normais. Dentre as complicações orais encontram-se a mucosite, xerostomia, disgeusia, as infecções fúngicas, bacterianas e virais, as cáries de radiação, trismo, osteorradionecrose, neurotoxicidade, e, em pacientes pediátricos, o comprometimento da formação óssea, muscular e dentária. Esses efeitos geralmente variam a cada paciente dependendo de variáveis do tratamento, do paciente e do tumor. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi apresentar as complicações orais decorrentes da terapia antineoplásica bem como a importância da atuação do cirurgião-dentista nesse contexto. Através da literatura pesquisada, foi possível concluir que é imprescindível que os pacientes oncológicos sejam acompanhados antes, durante e após a terapia antineoplásica a fim de que o cirurgião-dentista possa elaborar um plano de tratamento adequado às suas necessidades, de forma a prevenir ou controlar a ocorrência dessas complicações.

Seqüelas bucais em crianças submetidas à terapia antineoplásica: causas e definição do papel do cirurgião dentista / Oral sequelae in children submitted to the antineoplastic therapy: causes and definition of the dental surgeon's role

Crianças imunossuprimidas, dentre elas as portadoras de câncer, requerem um acompanhamento odontológico integrado ao atendimento médico. Isso porque são portadoras de inúmeras condições bucais que surgem em decorrência da terapia antineoplástica. O objetivo do trabalho foi fazer uma revisão bibliográfica sobre as alterações bucais mais freqüentes em crianças com câncer e suas possíveis causas, além de definir o papel do cirurgião dentista nesse processo. As seqüelas bucais mais freqüentes decorrentes do câncer em crianças são: xerostomia, mucosite, candidíase, cárie; todas decorrentes da radioterapia e/ou quimioterapia. A presença de um cirurgião dentista na equipe multidisciplinar que atende esses pacientes é de grande auxílio na prevenção e no controle das seqüelas bucais.

Efeito dos pontos de acupuntura VC-22 (Tiantu) e VC-23 (Linquan) na hipossalivaçäo induzida por atropina em ratos wistar / Effect of acupoints VC-22 (Tiantu) and VC-23 (Linquan) in hyposalivation induced by atropine in wistar rats

Este estudo tem por finalidade verificar o efeito da Acupuntura sobre a hipossalivação em ratos Wistar obtida com o uso da atropina. Material e Método - 24 ratos Wistar, machos, de 200 a 250g, foram divididos em quatro grupos: grupo Acupuntura, em que os animais receberam atropina e eletroacupuntura nos pontos de acupuntura VC-22 (Tiantu) e VC-23 (Linquan); grupo SHAM, em que os animais receberam a mesma quantidade de atropina, porém a eletroacupuntura em um não-ponto de acupuntura na região clavicular média, bilateralmente; grupo Atropina, em que os animais receberam apenas atropina e grupo Controle, em que os animais não receberam nem atropina nem eletroacupuntura. A salivação foi medida embebendo-se pequenas bolinhas de algodão na saliva da boca do rato e pesadas em balança de precisão. Foram realizadas sete medições de cinco em cinco minutos. Resultados - Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística por One Way RM ANOVA, considerando-se significantes os valores de p < 0,05. Comparando-se os três grupos em cada medição, foram encontradas diferenças significantes na primeira medição, sendo que a salivação do grupo Acupuntura foi significantemente maior que todas as demais, que a do grupo Controle foi significantemente maior que a dos grupos Atropina e Sham e que a dos grupos Atropina e Sham não apresentou diferença significante; e na quarta medição, foi observado que tanto no grupo Acupuntura quanto no grupo Controle foi significantemente maior que a dos demais, mas que não houve significância nem entre os dois, nem entre os grupos Atropina e Sham. Comparando-se a primeira e a quarta medição do grupo Acupuntura com as demais medições do Sham, Atropina e Controle, observou-se que a primeira medição foi significantemente maior que todas as medidas dos grupos Sham e Atropina. Conclusão - A eletroestimulação dos pontos VC-22 (Tiantu) e VC-23 (Linquan) mostrou-se eficiente no tratamento da hipossalivação induzida por atropina em ratos Wistar, assim como em promover o aumento de salivação.

Depresión mayor y salud oral: rol de los fármacos antidepresivos / Major depression and oral health: role of antidepressant agents

La mayoría de los fármacos antidepresivos, así como otras drogas usadas en el manejo de los cuadros depresivos son hiposalivantes. La disminución del flujo salival produce alteraciones en los tejidos blandos y duros de la cavidad oral. Las principales patologías que se han descritos asociadas a hiposialia son las caries dentarias, la candidiasis oral y en algún grado la gingivitis y periodontitis. Adicionalmente, estas patologías pueden verse exacerbadas por el abandono de los hábitos de higiene oral, debido a las alteraciones del ánimo de los pacientes. Algunas de estas infecciones bucales pueden en ocaciones comprometer gravemente la salud general. Dado el mayor riesgo de los pacientes con hiposialia de desarrollar patologías orales, y sus eventuales consecuencias en la salud general, como a nivel del estado sicológico de los pacientes, es que resulta importante reducir en lo posible la incidencia de estas patologías orales en pacientes depresivos, principalmente aquéllos en tratamiento con psicofármacos hiposalivantes